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NSWCCD-50-TR-2008/066 Design of the ONR AxWJ-2 Axial Flow Water Jet Pump

Naval Surface Warfare Center

Carderock Division

West Bethesda, MD 20817-5700

NSWCCD-50-TR-2008/066 November 2008
Hydromechanics Department Report

Design of the ONR AxWJ-2
Axial Flow Water Jet Pump

Thad J. Michael
Seth D. Schroeder
Alan J. Becnel

20081120347

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1 . REPORT DATE (DD-MM-YYYY) 2. REPORT TYPE

November 2008 Final

3. DATES COVERED (From - To)

January 2008 - August 2008

4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE

Design of the ONR AxWJ-2 Axial Flow Water Jet Pump

5a. CONTRACT NUMBER

5b. GRANT NUMBER

5c. PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER

6. AUTHOR(S)

Thad J. Michael

Seth D. Schroeder

Alan J. Becnel

5d. PROJECT NUMBER

5e. TASK NUMBER

5f. WORK UNIT NUMBER

08-1-5800-240-10

7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) AND ADDRESS(ES)

Resistance and Propulsion Division, Code 5800

Naval Surface Warfare Center Carderock Division

9500 Macarthur Boulevard

West Bethesda, MD 20817-5700

8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT
NUMBER

NSWCCD- 50 -TR- 20 08/066

9. SPONSORING 1 MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES)

Office of Naval Research

875 North Randolph St.

Arlington, VA 22203

10. SPONSOR/MONITOR’S ACRONYM(S)

11. SPONSOR/MONITOR’S REPORT
NUMBER(S)

12. DISTRIBUTION / AVAILABILITY STATEMENT

Distribution statement A:

Approved for public release. Distribution unlimited.

13. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

14. ABSTRACT

An axial flow water jet pump has been designed for model testing. The design is
based on the requirements of a notional high speed ship. The potential flow
blade method PBD- 14/MTFLOW was used for the blade shaping. The Reynolds- Averaged
Navier-Stokes codes CFX and Fluent were used to evaluate the designs.

This model pump was specifically designed for model testing in the NSWCCD 36 Inch
Water Tunnel, the Johns Hopkins University water tunnel, and the Rolls-Royce
Hydrodynamic Research Centre water tunnel . Each water tunnel has unique
requirements .

This report describes the design of the pump, including the methods and
philosophy used in the shaping of the hub, casing, rotor, and stator. A
comparison of the predictions from the three methods is included.

The predicted full scale pump efficiency is 92%; the predicted model scale
efficiency is 90%. It is recommended that this pump be manufactured and tested
at all three facilities.

15. SUBJECT TERMS

PROPULSOR , HYDRODYNAMICS

16. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF:

UNCLASSIFIED

17. LIMITATION

OF ABSTRACT

18. NUMBER
OF PAGES

19a. NAME OF RESPONSIBLE PERSON

Thad J. Michael

a. REPORT

UNCLASSIFIED

b. ABSTRACT

UNCLASSIFIED

c. THIS PAGE

UNCLASSIFIED

SAR

19b. TELEPHONE NUMBER

(301) 227-5831

Standard Form 293 (Rev. 8-98)

Prescribed by ANSI Std. Z39.18

(THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK)

NSWCCD-50-TR-2008/066

CONTENTS

NOMENCLATURE . vi

ABBREVIATIONS . vii

ABSTRACT . 1

ADMINISTRATIVE INFORMATION . 1

INTRODUCTION . 1

DESIGN REQUIREMENTS . 2

PARAMETRIC STUDY . 2

DESIGN FOR TESTING . 3

DESIGN METHODS . 3

PBD-14/MTFLOW . 4

ANSYSCFX . 4

AN SYS FLUENT . 5

HUB AND CASING DESIGN . 6

HUB . 6

CASING . 7

BLADE DESIGN . 7

PHILOSOPHY . 7

ROTOR DESIGN . 8

STATOR DESIGN . 10

EXPERIENCE WITH RANS CODES . 1 1

ROTOR AND STATOR GEOMETRY . 12

GEOMETRIC DETAILS . 12

PREDICTED PERFORMANCE . 13

FUTURE WORK . 14

CONCLUSIONS . 14

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . 15

APPENDIX A: GEOMETRY TABLES . 41

HUB AND CASING GEOMETRY . 41

ROTOR GEOMETRY . 43

N S WC C D-50-TR-2008/066 iii

STATOR GEOMETRY . 47

REFERENCES . 51

FIGURES

1. Overview of design process . 17

2. Passage geometry and mean axial velocity ratio . 17

3. Section generation curves for non-conical blade geometry . 18

4. Sectional pressure distributions for early design showing suction peak at leading edge . 19

5. Rotor pressure side maximum principal stress distribution in psi . 20

6. Rotor radial deflection at full power in inches . 20

7. Rotor spanwise circulation distribution . 2 1

8. Rotor chord wise loading distribution (PBD-14) . 21

9. Rotor suction side pressure distribution from CFX . 22

10. Rotor sectional pressure distributions . 23

1 1 . Stator trailing edge pitch angle . 24

12. Stator spanwise circulation distribution . 24

13. Velocity at a plane downstream of stator . 25

14. Stator skew distributions for pressure comparison . 25

15. Stator chord wise pressure distributions, +15 and -15 degrees of skew (CFX) . 26

16. Stator pressure side maximum principal stress distribution in psi . 27

17. Stator chord wise loading distribution (PBD-14) . 27

1 8. Stator sectional pressure distributions . 28

19. Stator suction side pressure distribution from CFX . 29

20. Rotor spanwise chord distribution . 29

21 . Rotor spanwise thickness distribution . . 30

22. Rotor spanwise skew distribution . 30

23. Rotor spanwise rake distribution . 3 1

24. Rotor spanwise pitch distribution . 3 1

25. Rotor spanwise camber distribution . 32

26. Rotor section shapes . 33

27. Stator spanwise chord distribution . . . 34

28. Stator spanwise thickness distribution . . . 34

N SWCC D-50-TR-2008/066

29. Stator spanwise skew distribution . 35

30. Stator spanwise rake distribution . 35

3 1 . Stator spanwise pitch distribution . 36

32. Stator spanwise camber distribution . 36

33. Stator section shapes . 37

34. Rotor trailing edge . 38

35. Stator trailing edge . 38

36. Stator tip fillet, section at x/R=1.35 . 39

36. Stator tip fillet . 39

37. Performance of a 12 inch (304.8 mm) pump . 40

38. Performance of a 70 inch (1778 mm) pump . 40

TABLES

1 . Predicted model scale performance . 1 3

2. Predicted full scale performance . 14

A- 1 . Hub and casing geometry . 4 1

A-2. Rotor spanwise geometry . 43

A-3. Rotor section shape, 0% span . 44

A-4. Rotor section shape, 20% span . 44

A-5. Rotor section shape, 40% span . 45

A-6. Rotor section shape, 60% span . 45

A-7. Rotor section shape, 80% span . 46

A-8. Rotor section shape, 100% span . 46

A-9. Stator spanwise geometry . 47

A-10. Stator section shape, 0% span . 48

A-l 1 . Stator section shape, 20% span . 48

A-12. Stator section shape, 40% span . 49

A- 13. Stator section shape, 60% span . 49

A- 14. Stator section shape, 80% span . 50

A-15. Stator section shape, 100% span . 50

NSWCCD-50-TR-2008/066

NOMENCLATURE

Chord length

Pressure coefficient = p/f/^pV2)

Diameter

Camber

Gravitational constant
Non-dimensional circulation
Coordinate orthagonal to chordvvise
Head

Normalized head = gH/(n2D2)
Kinetic energy of turbulence
Torque coefficient = torque/(pirD ')
Power
Pressure

Normalized power = P/(pn lD5)
Volumetric flow rate
Normalized flow rate = Q/(nD3)
Local radius
Degree of reaction
Pump inlet radius
Distance along chord
Thickness

Radial component of deflection
Velocity'

Inlet velocity
Tangential velocity
Axial velocity
Wake fraction
Axial coordinate

Coordinate normal to a surface
\\ 2

where the subscript w indicates the value at the wall

Defined by
Change

y(KI Pw)1

NSWCCD-50-TR-2008/066

Dissipation rate of turbulence

TIP

Pump efficiency

Kinematic viscosity

Mass density

Max

Maximum principal stress

Shear stress

Rotation speed

ASCII

ABBREVIATIONS

Americal standard code for information interchange

CCDoTT

Center for the Comercial Development of Transportation Technology

HRC

Hydrodynamic Research Centre

JHU

Johns Hopkins University

JVRa

LDV

Jet velocity ratio, using wake velocity

Laser Doppler velocimetry

MIT

Massachusetts Institute of Technology

NACA

National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics

NSWCCD

Naval Surface Warfare Center, Carderock Division

NURBS

Non-uniform rational b-spline

ONR

Office of Naval Research

PIV

Particle image velocimetry

RANS

Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes

RPM

Revolutions per minute

SST

Shear stress transport

WJOPTIM

Water Jet optimization program

NSWCCD-50-TR-2008/066 vii

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viii

NSWCCD-50-TR-2008/066

ABSTRACT

An axial flow water jet pump has been designed for model testing. The
design is based on the requirements of a notional high speed ship. The potential
flow blade design method PBD-14/MTFLOW was used for the blade shaping.

The Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes codes CFX and Fluent were used to
evaluate the designs.

This model pump was specifically designed for model testing in the
NSWCCD 36 Inch Water Tunnel , the Johns Hopkins University water tunnel and
the Rolls-Royce Hydrodynamic Research Centre water tunnel. Each water
tunnel has unique requirements.

This report describes the design of the pump , including the methods and
philosophy used in the shaping of the hub , casing \ rotor , and stator. A
comparison of the predictions from the three methods is included.

The predicted model scale efficiency is 90%. The predicted efficiency of
a notional full scale pump is 92%. It is recommended that this pump be
manufactured and tested at all three facilities.

ADMINISTRATIVE INFORMATION

T his work was sponsored by Dr. Ki-Han Kim, Office of Naval Research (ONR), code
333. The work was conducted by the Naval Surface Warfare Center, Carderock Division
(NSWCCD), Hydromechanics Department, Resistance and Propulsion Division (Code 5800) and
the Seakeeping Division (Code 5500) under job order number 08-1-5800-240-10.

INTRODUCTION

This report describes the design of an axial flow water jet pump for research and
development. The objective of this design was to improve the water jet design capabilities at
NSWCCD and to create a new geometry from model testing. The pump was sized to power a
notional high speed ship. The detail design was performed using a combination of inviscid and
viscous computational analysis methods. The report describes, in detail, the difficulties and
solutions encountered using these methods while developing this design.

NSWCCD-50-TR-2008/066

DESIGN REQUIREMENTS

This pump was designed for model scale testing. The model scale requirement was for a
12 inch (304.8 mm) pump operating at 2000 rpm.

To make this design relevant a notional high speed ship was assumed. General Electric
LM-2500 gas turbine drive was assumed with a delivered power of 27,500 hp (20.5 MW) at a
speed of 50 knots. An assumed full scale inlet diameter of 67 inches (1700 mm) was used. A
wake fraction, ( 1 -w), of 0.90 and a thrust deduction, ( 1 -t), of 1 .09 were assumed based on
previous experience with w'ater jet propulsion.

PARAMETRIC STUDY

A brief parametric study was conducted to select the design point. The parametric study
used the program WJOPTIM1 to investigate a range of jet velocity ratios and flow coefficients.
The program assumes a uniform inlet axial velocity distribution and a constant circulation
distribution on the rotor. The program calculates the minimum pump diameter by maximizing
the axial velocity for a given flow rate while ensuring that the static pressure is sufficient to avoid
complete thrust breakdown. An empirical method is used to estimate pump efficiency and the jet
velocity ratio is used to compute the jet efficiency.

A flow coefficient, Q*, of 0.85 was selected for the design point with a notional jet
velocity to wake speed ratio, JVRA, of 1 .5.

With the selected flow coefficient of 0.85, the model scale rpm and diameter resulted in a
flow rate of 28.3 ff/sec (0.802 m3/s). With an expected pump efficiency of about 0.88, this was
expected to produce a head rise of about 76.6 ft (23.3 m). Any improvement in efficiency would
result in a greater head rise.

If this pump were designed for an actual ship and the efficiency was higher than expected
once the pump design was complete, the nozzle diameter would be adjusted to maintain the
selected flow coefficient. The ship would achieve a higher speed at the installed power than
predicted by the initial parametric calculations. However, this pump was primarily designed for
model testing.

1 Described in a report with limited distribution.

NSWCCD-50-TR-2008/066

DESIGN FOR TESTING

This pump was designed for testing in three facilities. Each of these facilities has unique
capabilities and also special requirements. Testing in three facilities will result in the most
complete collection of data for a water jet pump assembled to date.

The NSWCCD 36 Inch Water Tunnel has a water jet testing bellmouth with a 12 inch
(304.8 mm) flange for the pump inlet. The tunnel relies upon the pump nozzle and a downstream
orifice to provide back pressure. Flow rate is further controlled by the water tunnel impeller. A
camera mounted on the drive shaft allows visualization of the cavitating area. A laser Doppler
velocimetry (LDV) system allows detailed time-averaged measurements of the flow field. To fit
a window for LDV measurements between the rotor and the stator, a one inch (25.4 mm)
cylindrical region between the rotor and the stator was required.

The Rolls-Royce Hydrodynamic Research Centre (HRC) pump loop requires a pump
with a 200 mm (7.874 in) inlet diameter and a 140 mm (5.512 in) exit diameter. The outflow is
routed through a pump w hich controls the mass flow rate through the water jet pump. This
facility has been used extensively for commercial water jet designs. A greater range of torque
and headrise data can be collected at this facility than the 36 Inch Water Tunnel because of the
direct control of the mass flow rate.

The Johns Hopkins University (JHU) water tunnel requires a pump with a 12 inch (304.8
mm) inlet flange. The entire pump is machined out of acry lic. The tunnel is filled with an index
of refraction matched fluid so that particle image velocimetry (P1V) measurements can be made
through the blades and in the tip gap. The index-matched fluid is a 62%-64% by weight solution
of Nal in water. This fluid has a specific gravity of 1 .8 and kinematic viscosity of 1 . 1 x 1 O’6 m2/s,
very close to that of water. A 0.020 inch (0.5 1 mm) tip gap size was selected to allow at least 10
PIV measurement points through the thickness of the gap. In the absence of this requirement, the
gap size would be the smallest permitted by mechanical considerations and computed blade
deflection.

DESIGN METHODS

The design was completed using three primary tools: PBD-14/MTFLOW, CFX, and
Fluent. These tools were used to design the hub, casing, and blade shapes. Also, NEiNastran was
used for structural analysis of the blades. Figure 1 shows an overview of the design process. The
hub and casing were designed first, then the rotor, then the stator. The process looped backwards
whenever a part needed to be redesigned. Design calculations were performed with Reynolds

NSWCCD-50-TR-2008/066

number based on the assumed 67 inch ( 1 700 mm) full scale inlet diameter. Model scale RAMS
calculations were later used to predict model scale performance.

PBD- 1 4/MTFLOW

PBD-14 is a vortex lattice propeller code from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology
(MIT) [1]. MTFLOW is an axisymmetric Euler solver also from MIT [2]. These two programs
can be coupled to solve the flow through a water jet pump [3]. PBD-14 solves for the three-
dimensional flow around the blades, and passes the tangential induced velocities to MTFLOW.
MTFLOW uses the tangential velocities and work from the blades to update the flow field and
returns the updated flow field to PBD-14.

In design mode, PBD-14 solves the velocities on the blade surface for a given loading
distribution. This may result in velocities that pass through the blades. BSHAPE [4], developed
at NSWCCD, uses these velocities and the blade geometry' to compute the required change in
pitch and camber to satisfy the kinematic boundary' condition. This new geometry’ is then used
with PBD-14 and BSFIAPE and the process is repeated until the given loading distribution and
the kinematic boundary condition are both satisfied.

To design the rotor, PBD-14, MT FLOW, and BSHAPE are iterated until the blade shape
and flow field converge. The solution is generally well converged within 15 iterations. During
these iterations, a notional stator is used to completely cancel tangential velocities downstream of
the rotor.

The stator may be designed simultaneously with the rotor, or the rotor may be analyzed
while the stator is designed. For both the rotor and stator a 21-by-20 vortex-lattice mesh was
used, with uniform spacing in the spanwise direction and cosine spacing in the chordwise
direction.

ANSYS CFX

CFX is a commercially available Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes code from ANSYS
used to analyze the viscous performance of turbomachinery. CFX is broken into modules to
perform the required tasks for the performance estimate. The hub, shroud and blade profiles were
provided from PBD-14 in the form of ASCII files. These ASCII files were read into ANSYS-
Turbogrid to generate the rotor and stator structured grids. The grid size and spacing was
adjusted to get a y^ spacing from all surfaces of less than 2 for use with the SST turbulence model
[5]. This grid topology was saved in a script file for use during each geometry update so that
each grid has essentially the same size and spacing.

NSWCCD-50-TR-2008/066

ANSYS-CFX Pre was used to setup the physics of the calculation. The working fluid,
RPM, steady-state or transient, non-cavitating or cavitating, massflow and other boundary
conditions, etc. are setup in this module. Two types of calculations were performed, rotor only
calculations and rotator and stator together calculations using a mixing plane between the two
frames of reference.

ANSYS-CFX Solver was used to solve the RANS equations for this water jet pump. The
solver execution time was typically 1 5-20 minutes for a rotor only calculation and about 3-4
hours for a rotor-stator calculation using a Dell M90 portable workstation.

ANSYS-CFX Post was used to export the required parameters for the next geometry
iteration with PBD-I4. These included torque, headrise, pressure distributions on both the blade
surfaces and hub and shroud surfaces, and rotor and overall pump efficiency.

ANSYS FLUENT

Fluent [6] is a commercially available Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes code capable of
analyzing the performance of a water jet pump design. The mesh for Fluent is created using
Ansys IcemCFD Hexa. ICEM is used to create a structured topology domain that defines a
hexahedral meshing scheme. Because the geometry varies slightly between design iterations, a
script can automatically generate the structured topology.

The geometry is defined using surfaces, curves, and points. This geometry is created
using a NCBLADE [7,8] input file, an axisymmetric definition for the casing, and an
axisymmetric definition for the hub. The NCBLADE input file is an output of the PBD-14 design
process. The surfaces are created by rotating the hub and casing definitions axially, and by
setting NCBLADE to output a NURBS surface. The curves and points are both generated by
rotating and scaling data from the Tecplot output of NCBLADE.

Once the geometry is imported to ICEM, the topology domain is divided with a top-down
approach. The blocking is fitted to the geometry by splitting the blocks at certain points. Every
vertex that is created by a split in the blocking is given an imported point to snap to. The block
edges that reside on the hub or casing surfaces are fit to the surface. The block edges not on
surfaces are given an imported curve to snap to. Once the topology is fitted to the geometry,
ICEM writes out a Fluent input mesh. The mesh size is approximately 375,000 cells for the rotor
only, and 750,000 cells for the rotor and stator together. This mesh size allows for sufficient
boundary layer resolution with the use of Fluent’s wall functions. The y+ values average 50-60
on the surfaces, and a sufficient number of cells fill the tip gap.

NSWCCD-50-TR-2008/066

A steady state pressure based solver is used in Fluent to analyze the pump design. The
k-e turbulence model is used with enhanced wall functions. A single blade passage is analyzed in
a rotating reference frame with rotationally periodic boundaries. Because of the different number
of rotor and stator blades, the periodic rotation angles are not the same. This is overcome by the
use of a mixing-plane model. The mixing-plane is defined between the rotor and stator and the
solution is circumferentially averaged by area across the plane to go from the rotor to the stator
domain.

The solution process is streamlined by interpolating the previous design iteration’s
solution on to the new problem. This allows for a convergence time of one hour or less when the
750,000 cell mesh is solved using seven processors.

The typical results of interest are the pressure distributions on the blade surface, the net
torque, the head rise, and the velocity profiles downstream of each blade row. The visual data
sets are exported in Tecplot format. Fluent has been previously used for water jet calculations as
reported by Brewton [9]. The results are also compared with predications from CFX, which has
been used in previous water jet pump designs [10].

HUB AND CASING DESIGN

As the rotor and stator designs evolve, it is necessary to update the hub and casing design
to reflect the axial length of the rotor and stator. The initial axial lengths of the rotor and stator
were based on chord lengths from previous designs and quickly replaced by more refined values.

HUB

The radius of three points on the rotor hub can be readily determined: the leading edge of
the blades, the trailing edge of the blades, and the tail cone.

The leading edge of the rotor blades should be at a radius of about 0.3R to limit blockage
and the additional twist that would be needed at smaller radii. Keeping the passage area as large
as possible helps to keep the static pressure up. It is also advantageous for the slope of the hub to
be near zero at the leading edge of the rotor to keep the passage area as large as possible as long
as possible. However, if the hub shape changes too quickly it w ill create a stress concentration.

The radius of the trailing edge of the rotor can be determined from the degree of reaction,
or reaction ratio. It can be shown that when there is no tangential velocity in the inflow, the
degree of reaction is:

rr=l-

_Yx_

2cor

(1)

N S WCC D-50-TR-2008/066

where VT is the tangential velocity at the hub at the trailing edge and r is the hub radius at the
trailing edge [1 1], The degree of reaction must be greater than 0.50 so that the tangential velocity
will be less than the rotational speed of the blade. This conclusion would lead to a local blade
pitch of zero degrees.

The radius must approach zero at the tail end of the hub. A small truncated or rounded
area is preferable to a pointed cone because it will be stronger and resist hub vortex formation.
The axial length of the hub is determined by the required chord length of the rotor and stator plus
the distance between blades and some hub length downstream of the stator. The hub is extended
downstream of the stator to reduce losses by preventing the flow from separating immediately.

CASING

The first part of the casing, in way of the rotor, is simple on an axial flow water jet pump:
it is cylindrical. Downstream of the rotor, the casing is shaped to avoid any sudden changes in
passage area. It is best to delay as much of the contraction as possible until at least midchord in
the stator, because the contraction of the passage reduces the static pressure on the blades. Once
the stator converts some swirl to pressure, the passage area can be contracted without reducing
the static pressure below that at the leading edge of the stator. Once the flow has left the stator
blades, the passage should contract as quickly as possible to meet atmospheric pressure since any
extra length w ill lead to extra viscous losses. However, the convex curv ature of the nozzle must
be monitored for low static pressure that could lead to cavitation. Figure 2 shows the mean
velocity change based on the passage area.

In this case, due to special model test considerations, the casing radius continues to be
cylindrical for one inch downstream of the rotor for a twelve inch diameter pump. This is to
allow a window to be fitted for LDV access.

BLADE DESIGN

PHILOSOPHY

The objective of the design of the rotor and stator blades was to achieve the design torque
with adequate cav itation margin and maximum efficiency. Therefore, areas of minimum pressure
were changed, through changes in loading distribution, chord length, rake, or skew to raise the
pressure of that region of the blade. In areas where the static pressure was higher than required,
the loading distribution was changed or the chord length was reduced to improve efficiency.
Consequently, the blades are designed to have relatively constant pressure distributions on the

N SWC C D-50-TR-2008/066

suction side. Similar to propellers with advanced blade sections, these blades are expected to
begin to cavitate all at once. These blades are also expected to delay thrust breakdown relative to
blades with less carefully designed pressure distributions because these blades have a lower
inception pressure.

The blade sections were designed on arbitrary axisymmetric surfaces, similar to stream
tubes. The hub and tip axisymmetric surfaces were defined by the geometry of the hub and
casing. The intermediate surfaces were defined at a constant fraction of the distance between the
hub and casing. Figure 3 shows the axisymmetric surfaces on which the final design is based.

The NACA 1 6 chordwise thickness distribution was used for the rotor blades. This
thickness distribution is common in propellers and resulted in good performance here. In future
designs, the chordwise thickness could be optimized for off design conditions cavitation
performance as it is for modern propellers.

ROTOR DESIGN

Typical waterjet pump rotors have four to six blades, some have as many as seven. With
six blades, the chord-to-diameter ratio of this rotor falls within the range of 0.5 to 1 .0. Fewer
blades may reduce blockage, leading to a higher minimum pressure, but requiring an increase in
the chord length and length of the pump. More blades could reduce the length of the pump, but
would be likely to also reduce the minimum pressure. For this design, six blades produced
acceptable minimum pressures with a reduced length relative to the CCDoTT pump [10].

To design the blades with BSHAPE, the camber must be set to zero at some chordwise
position. That position must be the same one used to define rake and skew. Otherwise, without
anything anchoring it to a smooth curve, the blade develops unwanted wiggles in the spanwise
direction. For this rotor design, the 75% chord position was used for the reference curve. Thus,
the camber at the leading and trailing edges is not zero, nor is it the same at the leading edge and
trailing edge. The 75% chord position was determined to be better than the 50% chordwise
position based on the overall appearance of the blade. The location of the reference line is shown
in Figure 3.

Upon analyzing the initial rotor designs with CFX, it was found that the torque predicted
by CFX was 15% lower than the torque predicted by PBD-14. Also, the sectional pressure
distributions showed that the sections were not aligned for shock free entry. As shown in Figure
4, there was a suction peak on the pressure side over the entire span. A similar error, a suction
peak on the pressure side, was also found with the previous ONR AxWJ-l rotor, which was
designed without the benefit of RANS [12].

NSWCCD-50-TR-2008/066

The shock free entry problem was solved by applying an empirical correction. The blade
was designed in PBD-14/MTFLOW using an advance coefficient, J, 12% higher than the target J
value. RANS calculations confirmed that this resulted in shock free entry. The design value of
Kq for PBD-14/MTFLOW was adjusted by the analytical amount due to the J shift, for this case
(1/1. 12)2.

With the adjusted advance coefficient, the torque predicted by CFX and Fluent was 5%
greater than the target torque. This was corrected by applying an empirical correction factor. The
design torque used in PBD-14/MTFLOW was 95% of the target torque. This resulted in a rotor
blade with shock free entry and the correct torque.

Rotor skew and rake near the root was selected to make the blade stand out from the hub
as much as possible. This was adjusted as the design progressed. It is undesirable for
manufacturing when the angle between the blade and the hub becomes small due to the changing
pitch and camber of the blade combined with the rake and skew.

Away from the root, rake was selected to position the blade within the desired portion of
the passage. The rotor is raked forward, where the passage cross section area is larger. Skew was
selected to minimize the amount of radial deflection under load. Because water jet rotor tip gaps
are relatively small, the deflection of the blade under load could potentially cause the blade to
contact the casing. During the design process, finite element calculations were used to ensure the
blades would not touch the casing under load. Nickel-Aluminum-Bronze was assumed, with a
full scale diameter of 67 inches (1700 mm). A full scale size was used because stress does not
scale linearly with the pump size. Figure 5 shows the distribution of principal stress on the
pressure side of the rotor blade at full power. The maximum principal stress is 1 1,100 psi (76.5
MPa). Figure 6 shows the radial deflection at full power

The most efficient spanwise loading for the rotor would be constant circulation across the
span. However, that results in a very twisted blade due to a large pitch and camber change
between the root and tip. Too much twist can result in a difficult blade to manufacture and can
increase the radial component of the deflection under load. A design with less load at the hub
than at the tip will have less twist. It is important to avoid any rapid changes in the spanwise
loading distribution since these will result in undesirable rapid changes in pitch and camber.
Figure 7 shows the spanwise loading of the rotor.

The chordwise loading distributions were manipulated to produce relatively constant
pressures on the suction side. Figure 8 shows the chordwise loading distribution on the rotor at
three radii. After the chordwise loading distributions were determined, the chord lengths were
adjusted so that the minimum pressure would be similar, and above the cavitation limit, at all
radii. Modest changes in the circulation distribution were also used to equalize the minimum

N S WC C D-50-TR-2008/066

pressures. Figure 9 is a contour plot of the suction side pressures predicted by CFX. It shows
that the minimum pressure is similar across a range of radii.

The sectional pressure distributions computed by PBD-14, CFX, and Fluent are shown in
Figure 10. At 1 0% and 50% span, the pressure distributions from PBD-1 4 and the RANS codes
agree well. However, at 90% span, the RANS codes predict a lower pressure than PBD-14. The
pressure at the tip is lower than anywhere else on the blade. Despite multiple attempts, it was not
possible to further improve the pressure at the tip using the current design method. It is not clear
why the PBD-14 results deviate from the CFX and Fluent results more at the tip than at other
radii. The difference may be due to the tip gap which is modeled in RANS but not in PBD-14.

STATOR DESIGN

Blade number selection for the stator was difficult because the rotor has six blades.
Unfortunately, with a six bladed stator, there is no reasonable stator blade number which will
avoid both unsteady thrust and side force interactions. To minimize unsteady forces due to blade
number interaction, a higher number of blades would be preferred, but would also reduce chord
length and increase blockage. The eight-bladed stator has an almost constant chord-to-diameter
ratio of approximately 0.4; an eleven bladed stator would reduce the chord-to-diameter ratio to
approximately 0.3. The radius of curvature betw een the nozzle and the stator casing was already
leading to pressures below the minimum on the stator blades and if the casing was shortened it
would result in a smaller radius of curvature and lower pressures. For this reason, a reduced
stator chord length would not result in a reduced pump length. It was decided to use eight stator
blades to reduce manufacturing costs.

For the stator design, the camber was set to zero at midchord. Therefore the camber at
the leading and trailing edges was the same. This produced an aesthetically pleasing blade.

An empirical correction to PBD-14 was also necessary' for the stator design. The
tangential velocity produced by the rotor in the RANS analysis need to be reduced by 5% for
PBD-14 design calculations. With this correction, RANS analysis of the stator showed shock free
entry. In practice, this was achieved by increasing the tangential velocity from the rotor design
calculations by 10%. As stated earlier, the torque from PBD-14 was about 15% less than RANS,
so when the PBD-14 tangential velocity was increased by 10% it was then 5% less than RANS.

The spanwise loading distribution on the stator was adjusted through trial and error to
minimize the swirl downstream of the stator, as predicted by PBD-1 4. The angle of the stator
trailing edges were also monitored. Near the root, the stator trailing edge should point almost
straight downstream, with increasing turning approaching the tip, as shown in Figure 1 1. This

NSWCCD-50-TR-2008/066

method was found to predict swirl cancellation with reasonable accuracy. Figure 12 shows the
stator spanwise circulation distribution. Figure 13 compares the swirl downstream of the stator as
predicted by PBD-14, CFX, and Fluent. The residual swirl is less than 5% of the mean inlet
velocity. The energy loss represented by this tangential velocity is negligible compared with the
total energy in the jet. The strong positive tangential velocity at the hub is presumably due to
boundary layer effects and the tapered end of the hub. It has been suggested that this could be
eliminated with a long, straight trailing edge strake on the stator blades.

The stator blade has positive skew. Positive skew was found to increase the static
pressure at the stator tips relative to an equal amount of negative skew. Figure 14 compares skew
distributions of positive and negative 15 degrees and the resulting pressure distributions are
shown in Figure 15. Positive skew appears to be less desirable for unsteady forces, since the
stator blades will lean in the same direction as the rotor trailing edges. However, unsteady force
calculations were not used in this design. Unsteady force calculations are recommended for
future designs.

The minimum thickness for the stator was set at 4.5% of chord length to allow an
adequate leading edge radius to minimize cavitation during anticipated inflow variations. Finite
element analysis was used to examine stress levels. It was assumed that the rotor thrust bearing
would be located outside of the pump, therefore the stator blades would not have to carry that
load. The thickness was increased near the root and tip to minimize stress concentrations and
allow room for pins in the stator tips which where planned for both of the 12 inch models. The
maximum principal stress distribution on the pressure side of the stator is shown in Figure 16.

The maximum principal stress is 8100 psi (55.8 MPa).

Again, the chordwise loading distributions were manipulated to produce relatively
constant pressures on the suction side. Figure 1 7 shows the chordwise loading distribution on the
stator at three radii. The resulting pressure distributions computed by PBD-14, CFX, and Fluent
are shown in Figure 1 8. Figure 19 is a contour plot of the suction side pressures predicted by
CFX. It shows that the minimum pressure is similar across a range of radii. Despite multiple
attempts, it was not possible to further improve the pressure at the root using the current design
method. It is theorized that the image model used in PBD-14 does not work well for this region
because it is highly non-cylindrical.

EXPERIENCE WITH RANS CODES

The two RANS codes used in this design, CFX and Fluent, returned similar results. Both
could produce useful rotor evaluations in under an hour when the designers were available to pass

NSWCCD-50-TR-2008/066

the geometry and post process the results without delay. An effort was made to make the
exchange of geometry' and results as easy as possible through the use of bash shell scripts and
custom programs for translating the geometry. Fillets were not modeled and trailing edges were
treated as flat with square edges.

RANS codes should be used in the design of all future water jet pumps. Although they
could not be used to determine the blade shape based on a pressure distribution as PBD-14 could,
they filled the critical role of calibrating the PBD-14 calculations. Because of the limitations of
potential flow for internal flow pumps, a design performed without RANS cannot be expected to
perform properly until a larger experience base has been accumulated. At a minimum, RANS
should always be used to confirm the design.

ROTOR AND STATOR GEOMETRY

The rotor has six blades. The spanwise geometry' is plotted in Figures 20-25. The
chordwise section shapes are shown in Figure 26. The rotor has a NACA 16 chordwise thickness
distribution. The expanded area ratio, EAR, is 1.947.

The stator has eight blades. The spanwise geometry' is plotted in Figures 27-32. The
chordwise section shapes are shown in Figure 33. The stator has a NACA 16 chordwise
thickness distribution. The expanded area ratio, EAR. is 1 .287.

The geometry' of both blade rows and the hub and casing is tabulated in Appendix A.

GEOMETRIC DETAILS

TRAILING EDGE DETAILS

Propellers generally have anti-singing trailing edge bevels. However, these features are
not commonly applied to water jet blades. In the design process, the trailing edges were modeled
in RANS as flat surfaces. The objective of the trailing edge detail design was to remove the
sharp edges which would be difficult to fillet and replace them with more rounded shapes without
changing the loading on the blade.

The rotor trailing edge thickness is 10% of the maximum section thickness at the root and
15% at the tip. The trailing edge is flat, with a small radius on each side, as shown in Figure 34.

The stator trailing edge thickness is 10% of the maximum section thickness at the root
and 1 3% at the tip. Because the stator trailing edge is much thinner than the rotor trailing edge, a
trailing edge similar to the rotor was not practical, the radius would be too small or the flat would
be negligible. So, a radius was applied to the trailing edge. The trailing edge radius on the stator
is approximately equal to the radius applied to the edges on either side of the flat rotor trailing

NSWCCD-50-TR-2008/066

edge. Figure 35 shows the stator trailing edge. The rounded trailing edge increases the risk of the
vortex shedding that leads to singing. However, because trailing edge bevels are not commonly
used on water jet pumps, it is believed that singing has not been a problem.

FILLETS

The root of the rotor and stator blades was filleted with a radius that is one-third of the
local section thickness, as commonly used for propeller blades. At the leading and trailing edges,
the root fillet decreases to a minimum radius which is maintained constant as the fillet wraps
around the leading or trailing edge.

The fillet for the tip of the stator blade was generated using a custom program. This fillet
is not a radius and does not blend into the casing. This is because the stator will be manufactured
separately from the casing; the blade cannot meet the casing with zero thickness. A section at
x/R=1.35 is shown in Figure 36. The stator tip fillet at the leading edge and trailing edge is
shown in Figure 37.

PREDICTED PERFORMANCE

Fluent was used to compute head rise, torque, and efficiency for a 12 inch (304.8 mm)
model pump operating at 2000 rpm. These quantities are plotted in Figure 38 for a range of flow
rates and tabulated in Table 1 . The efficiency of the model pump is predicted to be 90% at the
design flow coefficient of 0.85.

Table 1. Predicted model scale performance.

0.595

2.87

0.322

0.827

0 680

2.82

0.335

0.904

0.765

2.56

0.338

0 914

0.808

2 40

0.337

0.909

0.850

2.24

0.335

0.898

0.893

2.08

0.330

0890

0 935

1.92

0.324

0872

1.020

1 52

0,307

0,770

For water jet pumps, there is a larger difference between model scale and full scale
performance than with propellers. To assess full scale performance, CFX was used to compute
head rise, torque, and efficiency for a pump with a 67 inch (1700 mm) inlet. These quantities are
plotted in Figure 39 for a range of flow rates. The head rise and efficiency include nozzle losses.

NSWCCD-50-TR-2008/066

These quantities are tabulated in Table 2. The efficiency of a 70 inch pump is predicted to be
92% at the design flow rate.

Table 2. Predicted full scale performance

0597

2.94

0 325

0 820

0682

2 82

0,334

0 898

0767

2.59

0 338

0 926

0810

2.44

0.337

0 924

0.852

2 29

0 335

0918

0.895

2.13

0 330

0 906

0.938

1.96

0 324

0.879

1.023

1.55

0 306

0 776

FUTURE WORK

Further development of PBD-14 is needed to improve upon the image model and add a
tip gap model for design and analysis. Professor Justin Kerwin of MIT is working on these areas
and has written a research version of the code which includes a paneled hub and casing [4]. He is
currently working on a tip gap model. These features should be incorporated into PBD-14.

It is known that smaller tip gap sizes improve efficiency. Rounding the tip may reduce
the pressure difference across the tip of the rotor and improve efficiency or reduce cavitation. It
may be worthwhile to investigate potential efficiency benefits from altering the tip shape.

In a future designs, the effect of non-uniform inflow could be evaluated at the design
stage. This could be accomplished with RANS calculations or PROPCAV-WJ [13] which could
be used to compute a cavitation bucket. The thickness and chord distributions could then be
optimized as they are for advanced blade sections.

Hydrody namic calculations with the fillets have not been made. The effect of the fillets,
and ways to optimize fillets and strakes should be investigated.

CONCLUSIONS

An axial flow water jet pump has been successfully designed for the Office of Naval
Research to use for further water jet research testing. A 12 inch (304.8 mm) model pump is
expected to have an efficiency of 90% at the design flow coefficient, 0.85, and 2000 rpm. A

NSWCCD-50-TR-2008/066

pump with a 70 inch (1778 mm) inlet would have an efficiency of 92% at the design flow
coefficient.

It is recommended that this pump be manufactured at model scale with a 12 inch (304.8
mm) inlet diameter and tested both in the NSWCCD 36 Inch Water Tunnel and in the Johns
Hopkins University index matched flow facility. It is also recommended that a pump with a 200
mm (7.874 in) inlet be manufactured and tested at the Rolls Royce Hydrodynamic Research
Centre.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The authors would like to thank Dr. Ki-Han Kim of ONR for funding this effort. Stuart
Jessup, Scott Black, Stephen Neely, Michael Wilson, and Martin Donelly provided valuable
insight and suggestions throughout the design.

N SWC C D-50-TR-2008/066

(THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK)

NSWCCD-50-TR-2008/066

A/A

^ Spanwise Loadi

Chordwise Loadn

/ Chord

Rake

Skew

Hub & Casing
Geometry

Generate blade
shape with MTPBD

Evaluate design
condition with
RANS

Evaluate off design
conditions with
RANS

Pitch 7

Camber

Cavitationy^

Torque

'erformance Curve
Th ru st B re a kd own ^

Generate detailed
geometry

_ Geometry for

Manufacture

Figure 1. Overview of design process.

Figure 2. Passage geometry and mean axial velocity ratio.

NSWCCD-50-TR-2008/066

Figure 3. Section generation curves for non-conical blade geometry

NSWCCD-50-TR-2008/066

; Midspan (50%)

. - m • •

••••••

— » w

. . . . . .

1 /• •

t'/ . I . . . j

, ...» * • .j .

*niiii»**t**

: _ i _ i

1 _ _ _ 1

i _ _ _ _ _ i _ . _ • _ _ _

-1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

N S WC C D-50-TR-2008/066

Figure 5. Rotor pressure side maximum principal stress distribution in psi.
Assumes 67 inch (1700 mm) diameter pump, nickel-aluminum-bronze

0 11

— J

0 105

0 1

0 095

0 09

0 085

0 08

0.075

0 07

0.065

0 06

0 055

0.05

0 045

004

0.035

0.03

0.025

0 02

1 0 015

■

0.01

0 005

Figure 6. Rotor radial deflection at full power in inches
Assumes 67 inch (1700 mm) diameter pump, nickel-alummum-bronze

NSWCCD-50-TR-2008/066

-AC

Figure 7. Rotor spanwise circulation distribution

Figure 8. Rotor chordwise loading distribution (PBD-14)

NSWCCD-50-TR-2008/066

Figure 9. Rotor suction side pressure distribution from CFX

NSWCCD-50-TR-2008/066

Figure 10. Rotor sectional pressure distributions
CP— 0 represents vapor pressure

N S WCC D-50-TR-2008/066

</)

■a

0 0

_J _ I _ I _ _ U

0 2 0.4 0 6 0.8

Span

Figure 11. Stator trailing edge pitch angle

1.0

NSWCCD-50-TR-2008/066

Figure 13. Velocity at a plane downstream of stator
x/R = 2.12

Figure 14. Stator skew distributions for pressure comparison.

NSWCCD-50-TR-2008/066

. .

1 #

>■ ■ m ■ m. _ 4 ♦ ♦ ^

. .

- ■' w ■

■

Tip (90%)

A ♦ ♦ 4

4 4 ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦♦♦♦4 ■>■

. . .

1 .

; , . i — . — i . * i * i

1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8

Figure 15. Stator chordwise pressure distributions, +15 and -15 degrees of skew (CFX)
For skew distribution details, see Figure 14
CP— 0 represents vapor pressure.

NSWCCD-50-TR-2008/066

-AC

Figure 16. Stator pressure side maximum principal stress distribution in psi.
Assumes 67 inch (1700 mm) diameter pump, nickel-aluminum-bronze.

Figure 17. Stator chordwise loading distribution (PBD-14).

NSWCCD-50-TR-2008/066

Figure 18. Stator sectional pressure distributions
CP=0 represents vapor pressure

NSWCCD-50-TR-2008/066

Figure 19. Stator suction side pressure distribution from CFX.

NSWCCD-50-TR-2008/066

Figure 22. Rotor spanwise skew distribution.

NSWCCD-50-TR-2008/066

Pitch Angle [deg] Skew(deg)

Figure 23. Rotor spanwise rake distribution

Figure 24. Rotor spanwise pitch distribution.

NSWCCD-50-TR-2008/066

Figure 25. Rotor spanwise camber distribution
(This is the distribution at midchord, f/c is set to zero at 0.75c.)

NSWCCD-50-TR-2008/066

LJ_

100% span

f L= — =q

4 6

inches

4 6

inches

4 6

inches

4 6

inches

4 6

inches

4 6

inches

r - - 1

80% sp£

, — r— -+* - ]

i l

60% sp£

■ ■ l

- - - - - - J

- - - ^=4=*.

l 1 . . TV i

i 1

40% span

i | !

; i

20% span

! [

► - - - _

k— - l- - —

i - 1

1_ i_ i

\% span

! _ ! J

[ _ 1, , 1 1

10 10.5 11

mches

inches

0.5

5 0

1'. i

■ti

*5 i

i 8,5 9

inches

)

LS i

r 75 8

inches

55 6 6 5

inches

Figure 26. Rotor section shapes

NSWCCD-50-TR-2008/066

1.0

0,8

0,6

0.4

0 2

0 0.

0.0

x_L

0 1

0.2

1 i 1 . ,i 1 J _ _ ■ 1 . . ■ ■ 1

0.3 0 4 0 5 0 6

Span

— U

0.7

■ I . . L.

0 8 0 9

1,0

Figure 27. Stator spanwise chord distribution

Figure 28. Stator spanwise thickness distribution.

NSWCCD-50-TR-2008/066

Tot Rake/D Skew(deg)

N SWC C D-50-TR-2008/066

Pitch Angle [deg]

Figure 31. Stator spanwise pitch distribution

Figure 32. Stator spanwise camber distribution.

(This is the distribution at the leading edge; f/c is set to zero at midchord )

N S WCC D-50-TR-2008/066

-0 5

0 0.5

inches

inches inches

Figure 33. Stator section shapes

NSWCCD-50-TR-2008/066

Figure 34. Rotor trailing edge.

Figure 35. Stator trailing edge

Figure 36. Stator tip fillet, section at x/R=1 .35

Figure 37. Stator tip fillet.

Leading edge, left, and trailing edge, right.

NSWCCD-50-TR-2008/066

Figure 38. Performance of a 12 inch (304.8 mm) pump

Figure 39. Performance of a 70 inch (1778 mm) pump.

NSWCCD-50-TR-2008/066

APPENDIX A: GEOMETRY TABLES

HUB AND CASING GEOMETRY

The hub and casing geometry is normalized by the inlet radius. Table A-l lists the hub
and casing geometry'.

Table A-1. Hub and casing geometry.

x/R

Hub r/R

Casing r/R

-1.000000

0 300000

1.000000

-0 900000

0.300000

1.000000

-0.800000

0.300000

1.000000

-0.700000

0.300000

1.000000

-0.600000

0.300000

1 .000000

-0.500000

0.300000

1 .000000

-0.400000

0,300000

1 .000000

-0 300000

0.300000

1 .000000

-0.200000

0.300000

1 .000000

-0 100000

0.300000

1 000000

0 000000

0.300000

1.000000

0.100000

0.301044

1.000000

0200000

0 306413

1.000000

0 300000

0.317749

1.000000

0 400000

0.335955

1.000000

0 500000

0.361397

1.000000

0600000

0,391523

1.000000

0.700000

0 423044

1 000000

0 800000

0 453446

1 .000000

0,900000

0 480780

1 .000000

1.000000

0.503516

1.000000

N S WC C D-50-TR-2008/066

Table A-1 (continued). Hub and casing geometry

x/R

Hub r/R

Casing r/R

1.100000

0.519828

1 000000

1 200000

0.523967

0999921

1.300000

0.512022

0.992678

1 400000

0.484104

0 971635

1.500000

0 442100

0.944660

1 .600000

0.388240

0.912435

1.700000

0.324539

0,872455

1 .800000

0.252661

0 825882

1 .900000

0.173940

0 780784

2.000000

0 089438

0 744816

2.100000

0 000000

0.720391

2 200000

0.000000

0.707317

2 300000

0 000000

0.701536

2.400000

0.000000

0.700031

2.500000

0.000000

0 700000

NSWCCD-50-TR-2008/066

ROTOR GEOMETRY

Table A-2 lists the rotor spanwise geometric characteristics. The rotor reference line is
defined by two points. One is located at x/R=0.80 relative to the upstream end of the rotor hub
and r/R=0.30. The second point is located at x/R=0.75 and r/R=1.20. Tables A-3 through A-8
contain selected section shapes. The spanwise data and blade sections are defined on the section
generation curves, which are uniformly spaced between the hub and casing, and shown earlier in
Figure 3.

Table A-2. Rotor spanwise geometry.

span

c/D

t/c

t/D

Pitch

(deg)

Skew

(deg)

Rake/D

0 00

0 5000

0.1300

0.0650

63.09

0 000

0 0000

0.05

0 5167

0.1161

0.0600

62.51

-1.254

-0.0059

0 10

05337

0.1031

0,0550

61.10

-1,659

-0.0111

0 15

0 5508

0.0911

0.0502

59.01

-1.471

-0 0158

0 20

0 5681

0.0802

0 0456

56.48

-0.932

-0 0201

0.25

0.5857

0.0705

0.0413

53.76

-0 223

-0 0239

0.30

0.6035

0.0619

0 0374

51.05

0.537

-0.0273

0.35

0.6216

0 0546

0.0340

48.47

1.277

-0 0304

0 40

06401

0 0485

0.0311

46.10

1.955

-0,0331

0.45

0.6589

0.0436

0.0287

43.95

2.559

-0.0356

0.50

0.6782

0.0396

0.0269

42.00

3.088

-00377

0 55

0.6980

0 0366

0.0256

40.19

3.542

-00395

060

0.7184

0 0344

0.0247

3849

3.915

-0 0409

065

0.7395

0 0327

0.0242

36.89

4.205

-0 0420

0.70

0.7612

0 0316

0 0241

35.37

4.403

-0.0424

0.75

0.7833

0 0309

0.0242

33.92

4,502

-0,0419

0.80

0.8056

0,0304

0.0245

32.54

4.491

-0,0401

0.85

08281

0 0302

0.0250

31.23

4.356

-0.0369

0.90

0.8513

0.0300

0.0256

29.98

4.080

-0.0322

0.95

0.8753

0.0300

0.0263

28.79

3638

-0.0264

1.00

0.9000

0.0300

0.0270

27 67

3.000

-0.0200

N SWC C D-50-TR-2008/066

Table A-3. Rotor section shape? 0% span Table A-4. Rotor section shape, 20% span

s/c

h/c

s/c

h/c

Back

Face

Back

Face

0.0000

-0.03345

0.0000

-0.03722

0 0043

-0 02406

-0 04061

0 0043

-0 03065

-0 04086

0 0170

-0.01403

-0 04653

0.0170

-0.02161

-0 04166

0 0381

-0.00290

-0 05069

0.0381

-0.01050

-0.03998

0.0670

0 00992

-0.05240

0 0670

0.00202

-0 03643

0.1033

0.02404

-0.05196

0.1033

0 01508

-0.03180

0.1464

0.03836

-0 05030

0 1464

0.02784

-0.02686

0.1956

0 05150

-0.04863

0.1956

0.03947

-0 02231

0 2500

0 06226

-0 04790

0 2500

0,04924

-0.01872

0 3087

0.07003

-0.04843

0.3087

0 05662

-0.01647

0.3706

0.07455

-0.05017

0.3706

0.06126

-0 01568

0.4347

0.07572

-0 05293

0 4347

0.06306

-0.01630

0.5000

0.07401

-0 05599

0.5000

0.06210

-0.01810

0.5653

0 07061

-0 05795

0 5653

0,05850

-0 02081

0 6294

0.06615

-0.05785

0 6294

0.05227

-0 02425

0.6913

0 06041

-0.05581

0.6913

0.04350

-0 02826

0.7500

0 05268

-0.05270

0.7500

0 03255

-0.03260

0.8044

0.04245

-0.04956

0.8044

0.02024

-0.03677

0.8536

0 02990

-0.04703

0 8536

0.00774

-0.04010

0.8967

0 01596

-0 04522

0.8967

-0.00390

-0 04219

0.9330

0 00206

-0.04391

0 9330

-0 01403

-0.04309

0.9619

-0 01027

-0 04250

0.9619

-0 02217

-0 04287

0,9830

-0.01951

-0.04116

0 9830

-0 02808

-0.04231

0.9957

-0.02512

-0 04035

0.9957

-0.03160

-0 04198

1 0000

-0 02822

-0 03833

1.0000

-0.03398

-0.04023

NSWCCD-50-TR-2008/066

Table A-5. Rotor section shape, 40% span Table A-6. Rotor section shape, 60% span

s/c

h/c

s/c

h/c

Back

Face

Back

Face

0.0000

-0 04158

-0.04158

0 0000

-0.04248

0 0043

-0 03752

-0 04370

0 0043

-0.03957

-0.04394

0 0170

-0 03174

-0 04388

0.0170

-0.03532

-0 04392

0 0381

-0.02442

-0,04226

0 0381

-0.02984

-0 04248

0 0670

-001587

-0.03914

0 0670

-0.02330

-0,03978

0.1033

-0.00655

-0 03491

0.1033

-0.01597

-0 03606

0.1464

0 00304

-0.03006

0.1464

-0.00819

-0,03163

0 1956

0 01233

-0.02505

0.1956

-0 00036

-0.02683

0.2500

0.02078

-0.02035

0 2500

0.00710

-0.02202

0.3087

0,02790

-0.01633

0 3087

0 01376

-0.01756

0 3706

0 03329

-0.01327

0 3706

0.01923

-0 01375

0 4347

0.03670

-0.01133

0.4347

0.02318

-0.01084

0.5000

0 03798

-0.01055

0 5000

0.02534

-0.00903

0.5653

0.03702

-0 01098

0 5653

0 02559

-0.00841

0.6294

0.03363

-0 01268

0 6294

0.02377

-0.00904

0.6913

0.02780

-0 01566

06913

0.01988

-0.01092

0.7500

0.01974

-0.01977

0 7500

0.01402

-0.01402

0.8044

0.00993

-0.02473

0 8044

0 00626

-001838

0 8536

-0.00083

-0.03003

0.8536

-0 00304

-0 02386

0.8967

-0.01149

-0.03501

0 8967

-0 01298

-0.02984

0.9330

-0.02104

-0 03910

0.9330

-0.02234

-0.03539

0.9619

-0.02875

-0 04179

0.9619

-0.03009

-0.03965

0.9830

-0 03427

-0 04345

0 9830

-0.03572

-0.04258

0.9957

-0.03750

-0 04445

0.9957

-0 03906

-0 04435

1.0000

-0.03967

-0 04317

1.0000

-0.04112

-0 04343

NSWCCD-50-TR-2008/066

T able A-7. Rotor section shape, 80% span

s/c

h/c

Back

Face

0 0000

-0.04028

0 0043

-0.03772

-0 04159

00170

-0.03405

-0 04166

0 0381

-0.02936

-0 04054

0 0670

-0.02382

-0.03841

0 1033

-0.01766

-0 03544

0 1464

-0.01111

-0.03186

0.1956

-0.00444

-0 02787

0.2500

000205

-002373

0.3087

0 00804

-0.01968

0.3706

0 01320

-0.01599

0.4347

0.01717

-0.01294

0.5000

0.01967

-0.01075

0 5653

0.02053

-0.00956

0 6294

0.01963

-0.00941

06913

0 01694

-0.01034

0 7500

0 01243

-0.01241

0 8044

0.00601

-0.01584

0 8536

-0 00215

-0.02066

0.8967

-0 01132

-0 02636

0.9330

-002029

-0.03199

0.9619

-0 02794

-0 03662

0 9830

-0.03360

-0.03990

0.9957

-0.03699

-0.04190

1.0000

-0.03896

-0.04120

Table A-8. Rotor section shape. 100% span

s/c

h/c

Back

Face

0.0000

-0.03377

-0 03377

0.0043

-0.03145

-0.03527

0.0170

-0 02855

-0 03605

0.0381

-0 02511

-0 03613

0.0670

-0.02118

-0 03556

0.1033

-0 01684

-0 03437

0.1464

-0.01215

-0 03261

0.1956

-0.00724

-0 03034

0.2500

-0.00228

-0.02770

0.3087

0.00258

-0.02476

0.3706

0.00718

-0 02160

0.4347

0.01133

-0.01836

0.5000

0 01468

-0 01532

0.5653

0.01681

-0.01286

0.6294

0.01726

-0 01138

0.6913

0.01577

-0.01113

07500

0 01224

-0 01226

0 8044

0 00683

-0.01474

0.8536

-0 00002

-0 01830

0.8967

-0 00765

-0.02252

0 9330

-0.01528

-0.02686

0.9619

-0 02213

-0 03074

0 9830

-0 02732

-0 03367

0.9957

-0.03047

-0.03544

1.0000

-0 03234

-0.03485

NSWCCD-50-TR-2008/066

STATOR GEOMETRY

Table A-9 lists the stator spanwise geometric characteristics. The stator reference line is
located at x/R=l .53 relative to the upstream end of the rotor hub. Tables A- 10 through A-l 5
contain selected section shapes. The spanwise data and blade sections are defined on the section
generation curves, which are uniformly spaced between the hub and casing, and shown earlier in
Figure 3.

Table A-9. Stator spanwise geometry

span

c/D

t/c

t/D

Pitch

Skew

Rake/D

(deg)

0 00

0.4000

0.0800

0 0320

114.70

0 000

0 0000

0.05

0 3997

0 0604

0.0241

114.26

0.290

0.0093

0 10

03988

0 0522

0.0208

113.84

0938

0.0145

0 15

0 3973

0 0486

0.0193

113 44

1 790

0.0175

020

0 3952

0 0471

0 0186

113 06

2 778

0.0189

0.25

0.3926

0 0464

0.0182

112.69

3.864

00192

0.30

0.3894

0 0460

0.0179

112 33

5.027

0 0187

0.35

0.3856

0.0457

0 0176

111.97

6.250

00175

0.40

0.3814

0.0455

0.0173

111.61

7.524

0 0157

0.45

0.3767

0.0453

0.0171

111.24

8 840

0 0135

0.50

0,3714

00453

0.0168

11085

10.192

0.0109

0.55

0.3658

0 0453

0.0166

11042

11.576

0.0079

0.60

0 3597

0 0455

0.0164

109 91

12.987

0.0045

0.65

0 3533

0.0457

0 0161

109.21

14.424

0 0010

0.70

0.3467

0.0460

0.0159

108 23

15.882

-0 0029

0.75

0.3400

0 0464

0.0158

106 90

17.361

-0 0069

0.80

0.3336

0 0471

0.0157

105.16

18.858

-0 0112

0.85

0.3277

0.0486

0.0159

102.95

20.372

-0 0157

0.90

0 3232

0.0522

0.0169

100,23

21.901

-0.0203

0.95

0.3207

0.0604

0.0194

96 98

23.444

-0.0251

1.00

0.3200

0.0800

0.0256

93.20

25.000

-0.0300

N SWC C D-50-TR-2008/066

Table A-10. Stator section shape 0% span.

s/c

Back

h/c

s/c

Face

h/c

0,0000

0 0854

00000

0 0854

0.0033

0 0795

0.0053

0 0895

0.0151

0 0721

0.0190

0.0917

0.0353

0 0633

0.0408

0.0921

0.0634

0 0532

0.0706

0.0908

0.0989

0 0419

0 1077

0 0878

0.1413

0.0296

0 1516

0.0831

0.1898

0.0164

0.2014

0.0770

0.2438

0.0029

0.2562

0.0695

0.3025

-0.0104

0 3148

0.0614

0.3649

-0.0226

0.3763

0 0533

0.4300

-0.0328

0.4394

0 0458

0.4969

-0 0399

0.5031

0.0399

0.5643

-0.0429

0.5663

0.0361

0 6309

-0 0412

0 6280

0.0350

0.6953

-0 0340

0 6874

0.0371

0.7559

-0.0214

0.7441

0.0423

0.8111

-0.0049

0.7977

0.0501

0.8601

0 0136

0.8470

0 0591

0.9024

0 0323

0 8910

0.0682

0 9374

0 0495

0 9286

0 0764

0.9650

0 0636

0.9589

0.0827

0.9850

0 0738

0 9810

0.0867

0 9969

0 0797

0.9945

0.0888

1 0000

0.0854

1 0000

0.0854

Table A-11. Stator section shape, 20% span

Back

Face

s/c

h/c

s/c

h/c

0.0000

0.0818

0.0000

0.0818

0,0034

0 0774

0,0052

0.0831

0.0154

0 0704

00187

0.0817

0 0357

0 0613

0 0404

0 0780

0 0642

0 0506

0.0698

0.0724

0 1002

0 0388

0 1065

0 0656

0 1431

0 0266

0 1498

0.0580

0.1923

0 0144

0 1989

0 0501

0.2469

0.0030

0 2531

0 0424

0.3059

-0 0071

0.3114

0 0354

0.3685

-0 0153

0 3727

0 0297

0.4334

-0.0209

04360

0.0256

0.4996

-0 0235

0 5004

0 0235

0.5659

-0.0229

0 5646

0 0237

0.6310

-0 0188

0 6278

0 0260

0.6938

-0.0113

0.6888

0 0305

0.7531

-0.0008

0.7469

0.0369

0.8077

0.0119

0.8010

0.0446

0 8568

0.0260

0.8503

0 0533

0.8996

0.0404

0 8938

0.0619

0 9353

0.0536

0 9307

0.0699

0.9636

0.0646

0.9603

0.0763

0.9841

0 0728

0.9818

0 0808

0.9965

0 0777

0.9950

0 0835

1 0000

0.0818

1 0000

0.0818

NSWCCD-50-TR-2008/066

Table A-12. Stator section shape, 40% span.

Back

Face

s/c

h/c

s/c

h/c

0.0000

0.0885

0.0000

0 0885

0.0032

0.0837

0.0054

0.0891

0.0151

0.0757

0.0190

0.0864

0.0354

0.0650

0.0408

0.0808

0 0638

0 0524

0 0702

0.0732

0.0999

0 0389

0.1068

0.0646

0.1429

0 0253

0 1500

0 0554

0 1922

0.0121

0.1991

0.0464

0.2469

0.0001

0.2531

0.0382

0.3061

-0 0099

0,3112

0 0312

0 3689

-0.0174

0 3723

0 0261

0.4340

-0.0218

0.4355

0.0232

0.5003

-0.0227

0.4997

0.0227

0 5666

-0 0201

0.5640

0.0248

06316

-0 0141

0.6272

0.0291

0 6942

-0 0050

0.6885

0.0353

0.7532

0 0066

0 7468

0 0430

0.8077

00198

0,8010

0.0515

0.8567

0.0339

0.8504

0 0603

0.8994

0.0478

0 8939

0.0689

0.9352

0.0607

0.9308

0.0767

0.9636

0.0715

0.9603

0.0831

0.9841

0.0795

0 9818

0.0876

0.9965

0.0844

0.9949

0 0903

1.0000

0.0885

1 0000

0.0885

Table A-13. Stator section shape, 60% span.

Back

Face

s/c

h/c

s/c

h/c

0.0000

0 0977

0.0000

0.0977

0.0030

0 0924

0 0056

00976

0 0148

0.0830

0 0193

0 0935

0.0350

0.0705

0 0412

0 0860

0.0633

0.0559

0.0706

0.0765

0.0994

0.0406

0.1072

0.0660

0.1425

0 0253

0.1504

0.0553

0.1919

0.0109

0.1994

0.0451

0.2467

-0 0019

02533

0 0360

0.3061

-0.0124

0.3112

00288

0.3691

-0.0196

03721

0 0239

0.4344

-0 0231

0 4351

0 0218

0.5008

-0.0227

0 4992

0 0227

0.5672

-0 0183

0 5633

0.0265

0.6323

-0.0103

0.6265

0.0327

0.6948

0.0008

0.6879

0.0409

0.7537

0.0140

0 7463

0 0503

0 8080

0.0284

0.8008

0.0600

0 8568

0 0432

0.8503

0.0697

0.8995

0.0575

0.8938

0.0787

0.9353

0.0704

0 9308

0.0866

0.9636

0.0811

0.9603

0.0929

0 9841

0 0889

0.9818

0.0973

0.9965

0 0936

0 9949

0 0998

1 0000

0.0977

1.0000

0.0977

N SWCC D-50-TR-2008/066

Table A-14. Stator section shape, 80% span

s/c

Back

h/c

s/c

Face

h/c

0.0000

0 1148

0 0000

0 1148

0.0028

0.1086

0 0058

0 1138

0 0144

0.0975

0 0197

0 1079

0.0344

0 0825

0 0417

0 0981

0.0627

0 0650

0.0713

0.0859

0.0987

0 0469

0.1079

0 0728

0.1418

00292

0 1511

0 0599

0 1912

0.0126

0.2000

0 0478

0.2461

-0,0019

0.2539

0.0372

0 3057

-0.0137

0.3116

0 0288

0.3690

-0 0215

0.3722

0 0235

0 4346

-0 0248

0.4349

00217

0 5013

-0 0235

0 4987

0 0235

0 5678

-0.0177

0 5627

0 0286

0 6330

-0.0077

0 6258

0.0366

0 6956

0 0056

0.6871

0 0469

0.7545

0.0213

0.7455

0 0585

0.8087

0.0382

0.8000

0 0707

0.8575

0.0552

0.8496

0.0825

0.9000

0.0714

0 8934

0 0933

0.9356

0.0858

0 9305

0.1025

0 9638

0.0974

0.9601

0.1097

0.9842

0.1057

0.9817

0 1145

0.9965

0.1104

0 9949

0 1171

1.0000

0.1148

1 0000

0.1148

TableA-15. Stator section shape, 100%
span.

Back

Face

s/c

h/c

s/c

h/c

0.0000

0 1010

0.0000

0 1010

0.0014

0 0917

0 0072

0 1000

0.0118

0.0754

0 0223

0 0924

0.0308

0.0541

0.0454

0.0797

0.0584

0,0302

0 0755

0.0645

0.0945

0.0065

0 1121

0 0499

0 1384

-0.0148

0.1545

0.0373

0 1893

-0 0322

0.2019

0 0281

0 2463

-0 0445

0.2537

0.0229

0.3078

-0 0511

0 3096

0 0218

0 3725

-0 0521

0 3687

0 0245

0.4391

-0 0479

0 4304

00308

0 5057

-0 0396

0 4943

0.0396

0 5713

-0 0292

0 5593

0.0490

0.6355

-0 0176

0 6233

0 0578

0.6975

-0 0045

0.6851

0 0660

0 7559

0.0096

0 7441

0.0736

0 8098

0 0241

0.7990

0 0802

0,8585

0 0386

0 8486

0 0858

0 9012

0.0533

0.8922

0 0910

0 9369

0.0674

0.9292

0 0962

0 9649

0 0797

0.9590

0 1008

0 9851

0.0890

0.9808

0 1041

0.9970

0 0945

0 9944

0.1058

1 0000

0 1010

1.0000

0.1010

NSWCCD-50-TR-2008/066

REFERENCES

1 . Kerwin, J. E., et. al., “A Coupled Viscous/Potential Flow Design Method for Wake-Adapted
Multi-Stage, Ducted Propulsors Using Generalized Geometry,” SNAME Transactions, 1994.

2. Drela, M. and Giles, M., “Conservative Streamtube Solution of Steady-State Euler
Equations,” Technical Report CFDL-TR-83-6, Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, November 1983.

3. Renick, D.H., “An Analysis Procedure for Advanced Propulsor Design,” Masters Thesis,
Ocean Engineering Department, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, May 1999.

4. Kerwin, J.E., Michael, T.J., and Neely, S.K., “Improved Algorithms for the Design/Analysis
of Multi-Component Complex Propulsors,” SNAME Propellers and Shafting Symposium,
September 2006.

5. Menter, F.R., “Zonal Two Equation k-co Turbulence Models for Aerodynamic Flows,”

A1AA Paper 93-2906, 1993.

6. “Fluent 6.3 User’s Guide,” Fluent, Inc., September 2006.

7. Neely, S.K., “Non-Cylindrical Blade Geometry Definition,” SNAME Propellers and
Shafting Symposium, September 1997.

8. Neely, S. K., ’’Application of NURBS Surfaces for Propeller Geometry,” Proceedings of the
25 h American Towing Tank Conference, September 1998.

9. Brewton, S., Gowing, S., and Gorksi, J., “Performance Predictions of a Waterjet Rotor and
Rotor/Stator Combination Using RANS Calculations,” 26th Symposium on Naval
Hydrodynamics, September 2006.

10. Becnel, A. and Wheatley, S., “Development of a High Speed Sealift Waterjet Propulsion
System,” CD1 Marine Company, Systems Development Division, Report number 748-9,
September 2003.

1 1. Wislicenus, G.F., “Fluid Mechanics of Turbomachinery,” McGraw-Hill Book Company,

Inc, 1947.

12. Wu, H., et. al., “Cavitation in the Tip Region of the Rotor Blades w ithin a Waterjet Pump,”
Proceedings of FF1DSM2008, Fluids Engineering Conference 2008.

13. Kinas, S.A., et. al., “Prediction of Cavitating Waterjet Propulsor Performance Using a
Boundary Element Method,” 9th International Conference on Numerical Ship
Hydrodynamics, August 2007.

N S WC C D-50-TR-2008/066

(THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK)

NSWCCD-50-TR-2008/066

INITIAL DISTRIBUTION

EXTERNAL DISTRIBUTION

CENTER

DISTRIBUTION

ORG.

NAME (Copies)

CODE

NAME (Copies)

Johns

Hopkins

University

5030

Jessup

Katz

5060

Walden

5500

Becnel

Massachusetts

Institute of

5800

Chesnakas

Technology

5800

Donnelly

Kerwin

5800

Michael

5800

Schroeder

Naval

Sea Systems Command

5800

File (2)

Schumann

3452

Library

Office of Naval Research
331 K.-H. Kim

Pennsylvania State University,
Applied Research Laboratory

E. Paterson

Princeton University

Y.-L. Young

University of Iowa

F. Stern

University of Texas, Austin
S. Kinnas

DTIC

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